https://doi.org/10.4322/2026360255504
Yokasta García-Frómeta(a) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1265-0487
Jesús Cuadrado-Rojo(b) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-5118
(a) Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra PUCMM, Sustainable Construction Laboratory, Santiago, Dominican Republic
(b) University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Mechanical Engineering Department, Bilbao, Spain
ABSTRACT
Masonry units, particularly concrete blocks, are widely used in construction but exhibit relatively high thermal conductivity, increasing energy demand in buildings, especially in hot climates. At the same time, the sector faces pressure to reduce its environmental footprint through the validation the use of agricultural residues. This study presents a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a protocol registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF). A total of 80 records were identified from the Scopus database up to May 2025. Of these, 17 studies were selected as core studies for detailed analysis, while 62 were used as contextual studies to support a mechanism-based interpretation. Thermal conductivity values ranged from 0.16 to 1.26 W/(m·K) (n = 9), showing typical reductions of 20-40% compared to conventional dense concrete blocks. These improvements are mainly associated with increased porosity and reduced density. Pozzolanic ashes and treated fibers showed the most favourable performance. However, increased water absorption, reduced compressive strength, and limited compliance with ASTM C90 and EN 771-3 restrict most applications to non-load-bearing elements. The findings highlight the potential of agricultural residues to enhance thermal performance while emphasizing the need for optimized mix design and durability-focused strategies in sustainable masonry development.
Keywords: masonry units, concrete blocks, agricultural waste, thermal performance, mechanical properties, design implications.